O sujeito psíquico e a condição de servidão ao objeto-droga : do rigor da psicanálise à pesquisa na escuta

Abstract

The global fight against drug consumption and its devastating effects has already spanned throughout many decades. Indicators of production and consumption of psychoactive substances continue to be alarming, since there is an estimate that, by 2010, the number of problematic drug users reached the mark of 27 million people (UNODC, 2012). Since the phenomenon of Drug Addiction/Substance Abuse is fully aligned with the frantic search for substances that relieve the discomfort, one needs to recognize the heterogeneity of the use, of the understanding and of the intervention of this phenomenon. We opted, in this PhD thesis for, from the epistemological perspective of psychoanalysis, considering modalities of drug use involving a state of slavery of the subject(s) to the elected substance(s). Throughout the Thesis, we use the classification already established - Drug Addiction because it highlights essential points of the phenomenon as a pathological dependence, in which the subject cannot do without the drug-object and a choice uniquely marked by precariousness of himself in a psychic economy mainly composed of death instincts. Being the contribution to the Psychoanalytic Metapsychology its aim, questioning the choice of object-drug, its dynamics and its role in the psychic economy from the effects of the subject's history. This Thesis is organized in four sections, being two of which theoretical and two empirical. The first section proposes theoretical characterizations of the notion of subject throughout History. Its main objective was to characterize the epistemological break produced by the advent of Psychoanalysis and the expansion of the notion of subject caused by it. It also questioned discomfort settings that affect the contemporary subject and the risks that arise from the understanding that reduces human phenomena to a normative model of psychopathology. The second theoretical section concerns the presentation of the research strategy design built throughout the layout of this research. Built on the Psychoanalytic Method, the proposition of the Clinical-Interpretative Strategy rests on the consideration that the Listening is a broader process than the stricto sensu psychoanalytic clinics. The stages of Clinical-Interpretative Strategy are presented, fostering it as a valid resource for the psychoanalytic research in the Academy. The third section is an empirical study conducted with seven drug addicts, located according to convenience. Each participant of the study was heard by a psychoanalyst in a series of interviews, which were analyzed in the light of Clinical-Interpretative Strategy. Significant differences were identified in terms of investments from participants with regard to the choice and the function of the object-drug, which led to the proposition of two defensive resources, called autoerotic servitude and narcissistic servitude. The fourth and last section presents a second empirical study through the case study of a participant whose story allowed us question the concept of narcissism and its positive and negative aspects, how the negative side works and its relationship with the addiction. The results obtained allow us to claim to be the Clinical-Interpretative Strategy a legitimate alternative to the research with the Psychoanalytic Method contemplating its rigor and specificity. Furthermore, it is considered that the proposal of the notions of autoerotic servitude and narcissistic servitude offers an important contribution to Metapsychology, highlighting different nuances in terms of ego investment present in the psychic and dynamic economy of Drug Addiction