@MASTERSTHESIS{ 2015:1805029303,
 	title = {Face expressions in childhood : development of a picture set and investigation of developmental markers, social demographic moderators and length of presentation effects},
 	year = {2015},
 	url = "http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/913",
 	abstract = "Background: Emotions are fundamental across human development. Recognizing emotional face expressions in others is a valuable strategy of non-verbal communication and is particularly relevant throughout childhood given that language skills are not yet fully developed and the first interactions with peers have just started. Despite this, few studies focus on face processing in children and most of the work uses adult face stimuli, since stimuli sets with children pictures are rare. The current dissertation aimed to fill this gap through the development of the Child Emotions Pictures Set (CEPS) and investigating developmental markers of recognition of emotional faces in children aged between six and 11 years-old and the effect of age, sex and length of presentation on it. Methods: The dissertation is composed of two studies. Study I was developed in order to have a complete database that could allow Study II. The second study reports an empirical investigation of developmental markers of recognition of emotional faces in children between six and 11 years-old and the effect of sex, age and length of presentation on it. An experiment based on CEPS was presented to 90 children divided in three age groups (6-7 years-old; 8-9 years-old; 10-11 years-old) of boys and girls. Results: The final version of CEPS consists of 225 photos of 17 children, boys and girls, aged six to 11 years-old from multiracial backgrounds posing or naturally expressing the six basic emotions   happiness, fear, disgust, surprise, sadness and anger   in three intensities   low, medium and high   and neutrality. Study II reveled that happiness had the higher means of accuracy followed in sequence by disgust, surprise, anger, fear and sadness. Development of emotional face expressions recognition denote to follow childhood chronological course, although, results demonstrate a non-existence of a female advantage length of presentation does not show significant differences. Conclusion: CEPS contributes for the scientific field by making available a child face stimuli set, which is intended to be used in further developmental studies and also enables the development of cross-cultural studies in the field. We also provide further evidence about developmental markers of emotional face expressions recognition and the chronological course that it follows through childhood showing the non-existence of a female advantage on this skill and that longer exposure to stimuli does not facilitate the recognition. This method is susceptible to replication, allowing the establishment of developmental markers of emotional face expressions recognition.",
 	publisher = {Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul},
 	scholl = {Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia},
 	note = {Faculdade de Psicologia}
}