Relações filogenéticas em pererecas marsupiais (Anura: hemiphractidae) : impacto da evidência total, critérios de otimização, métodos de alinhamento e tratamento de indels

Abstract

Alternative and often discordant phylogenetic hyphoteses are published simultaneously or successively for many groups. Therefore, studies that investigate the potential effect of relevant analytical factors become a useful approach needed to choose among analytical options and detect the causes of observed differences. Six analytical strategies were used, combining different optimality criteria (parsimony vs. maximum likelihood), alignment methods (tree- vs. similarity-alignment), and three indel coding schemes to study their effect on the inferred phylogenetic relationships based on a total-evidence dataset of Hemiphractidae. The comparison of the results of the six analyses demonstrated that: (i) alignment and indel coding methods can both influence phylogenetic relationships in the same degree as the optimality criterion; (ii) previous differences observed among studies were not caused by differences in character or taxon sampling, but by differences in analytical factors; (iii) current implementations of maximum likelihood support topologies without evidence due to undersampling limitations; and (iv) the two current supraspecific taxonomies used for Gastrotheca are incompatible with my results.