Avaliação do papel dos receptores B1 e B2 de cininas e dos canais de cálcio voltagem dependentes TIPO-P/Q E –N em modelo de glioma in vitro e in vivo

Abstract

Glioblastoma (grade IV) is among the most prevalent primary intracranial tumors and is considered a challenge in oncology and neurosurgery due to the highly aggressive nature, and the elevated mortality rates. The location of the tumor and its invasive nature avoid the standard-of-care therapy, which includes surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the current gold standard treatment has not been effective to prevent tumor evolution, as indicated by the poor survival rates. In this context, we analyzed the GPCRs for kinin and the high-voltagegated calcium channels (VGCC) as feasible new therapeutic approaches in malignant gliomas. Thereby, the signaling triggered by bradykinin or the disruption of calcium signaling might contribute with pivotal mechanisms underlying glioma progression, such as cell proliferation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further evaluate the relevance of B1 (B1R) and B2 (B2R) kinin receptors as well as the P/Q- and N-type VGCC in glioma development, by using in vitro and in vivo glioma model. Cell culture assay showed that the treatment with the selective B1R des-Arg9-BK (1-100 nM) and B2R BK (1-100 nM) agonists induced a marked enhancement of cell proliferation and viability through ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling, according to evaluation of U-138MG and U-251MG cell lines. Meanwhile, the incubation of either B1R SSR240612 (1-30 μM) or B2R HOE-140 (1-100 μM) antagonists induced a marked cell death with mixed apoptosis/necrosis characteristics. The in vivo mouse model of GL261-induced glioma of C57/BL6 or B1R and B2R knockout mice showed an uncontrolled tumor growing in KOB1R mice. Conversely, there was no significant change of the tumor development in KOB2R mice. Notably, the genetic ablation or the pharmacological combined antagonism of B1R and B2R (SSR240612; 25 nmol/site + HOE-140; 50 pmol/site) diminished the tumor progression as well as the mitotic index of the GL261-induced glioma. To understand the potential anti-tumor effects of the blockade of P/Q- and Ntype VGCC, we used animal-derived inhibitors namely PhTx3-3 (P/Q-type blocker) and Phα1β (N-type blocker) from P. nigriventer, or MVIIC (P/Q-type blocker) and MVIIA (N-type blocker) from C. magus. The PhTx3-3 (0.3 - 100 pM), Phα1β (0.3 - 100 pM) and MVIIA (0.3 - 100 pM) displayed a significant inhibitory effect on proliferation and viability of M059J, U-138MG and U-251MG glioma tested cell lines, and evoked cell death mainly with apoptosis characteristics. In the glioblastoma in vivo model, the Ntype VGCC blockade by either Phα1β (50 pmol/site; i.c.v. and i.t.) or MVIIA (10pmol/site; i.c.v.) caused significant reductions of glioma growth and progression. Of note, the N-type inhibition by Phα1β and MVIIA led to a marked increase of GFAPactivated astrocytes and Iba-1-positive microglia in the peritumoral area, which might be related to the inhibitory effects of immune system in tumor development. Using molecular and pharmacological approaches, our data provide clear evidence on the beneficial effects of the simultaneous inhibition of both B1R and B2R as well as the P/Q- and N-type blockade on glioma development. Thus, we propose that the combined selective antagonism of B1R and B2R, such as the P/Q-, and especially NP type high-VGCC inhibition could markedly modify the tumor progression, which might represent an attractive alternative for the treatment of malignant gliomas in the future.