História natural, com ênfase na biologia reprodutiva, de uma população migratória de Sporophila aff. plumbea (AVES, EMBERIZIDAE) do sul do Brasil

Abstract

Sporophila aff. plumbea (patativa-de-bico-amarelo) is a rare Seedeater that breeds in highland grasslands of southern Brazil. No aspect of its natural history had been studied previously. Historically this Seedeater has been considered as being the same as Sporophila plumbea plumbea (Wied 1930) which breeds in the Cerrado biome, has a relatively slender body and a characteristic black bill in adult males. Statistically significant differences in morphology and color, and segregation in breeding areas and habitat use allow us to infer that S. aff. plumbea (provisory name) is a true species and does not belong to S. p. plumbea (nominal species). We first found S. aff. plumbea in December 2005, and studied its natural history in the grasslands of the Araucaria plateau in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC) states from 2007 - 2008 until 2010-2011. We focused our study on reproductive biology, by monitoring 133 nests and 71 breeding territories, conducting studies in three areas of 650 ha and 200 ha (RS) and 1,000 ha (SC) where the species was known to be present. Additionally, from 2009 to the present we have investigated their breeding sites in the Campos Gerais do Paraná (PR, Paraná State) and wintering grounds in central Brazil. Based on our study, we currently know that (1) biology: Sporophila. aff. plumbea is 12 cm long and weighs 12 g; is a long-distance migrant with a well-documented breeding area from northern PR to northeast RS; after breeding, it migrates from southern to central Brazil (Cerrado) together with other species of Sporophila (capuchinos); is a strong flier and has a wide vocal repertoire with complex songs; is a habitat specialist, living only in fields with dense stands of tall shrubs in areas of hill valleys (700 to 900 m altitude) in the interior of the Southern Brazilian Plateau; the breeding area is estimated to be 293,822 ha; the density is 0.015 breeding pairs per hectare, with an actively reproducing population of 4,407 pairs; it is a grass-seed specialist with a preference for relatively large seeds such as Piptochaetium stipoides and Paspalum guenoarum; it responds negatively to habitat degradation, with strong evidence of population decline, and should be considered a Critically Endangered species in Brazil because of the multiple threats to the populations. (2) Territoriality and mating system: the species arrives to breed in the southern part of its range from mid-October, disappearing altogether in March; the males arrive a week before the females and compete for reproductive territories; the younger males arrive a month later. The species is monogamous, although we have recorded the first cases of bigamy in the genus (2.5%); older males defend more stable territories (average 1.41 ha) and feature the highest rates of return (41) to the same territories (philopatry), observed in three successive reproductive seasons; females and young are also philopatric, but to a lesser degree; their territory does not occupy the fields on an ongoing basis and the species quantitatively selects specific places to nest within the grassland matrix; the dynamics of territoriality was directly affected by habitat disturbance and by the age of males. (3) Reproduction: S. aff. plumbea breeds for a mean period of 3.8 months, and the breeding season is correlated with photoperiod and phenology of the grasses; nesting peaks in November and December; the nest is an open cup constructed (in 5 days, only by the female) basically with cobwebs and inflorescences of Eragrostis spp., averaging 70 cm above the ground, and in shrubs of the genus Eupatorium, Escallonia and Myrcia predominantly; the clutch size is two eggs on average, with a maximum of three eggs, restricted to the beginning of the reproductive period; the eggs are laid one a day on average, and incubation most often starts with the laying of the first egg; incubation, performed only by females, lasts 12 days, and hatching of nestlings is synchronous. The nestling period lasts 10 days and both parents care for the offspring; after fledging, the male exclusively cares for young males while the female cares for young females; daily estimated survival rate (DSR) of nests (90 nests monitored from 2007- 2010) as modeled by the MARK program, was 0.94 and varied temporally in the breeding season. Apparent reproductive success was 36%, and the estimated reproductive success (MARK) was 20%. The quadratic model best explained the changes in survival rates of nests, along with camouflage and height of the nest from the ground; other hypotheses tested, including year-to-year variation, age of the nest, and species of support plant did not prove to be important factors for nest survival; multiple breeding attempts (maximum three) occur, averaging 1.75 nests per female in each breeding season, seemingly an important strategy for the species to produce descendants. Predation was the main cause of nest loss (40.7%), followed by abandonment of nests and trampling by cattle (37%). Parasitism of nestlings by the fly Phylornis seguyi was correlated with the nests later in the breeding season and with periods of higher temperatures and low mortality of hatchlings; lizards and snakes have been observed preying on nests, and strong evidence suggests that birds and mammals also predate on nests. An average of 82.4% eggs hatched; the annual production of offspring was 0.57 per nest, and only 1/3 of eggs generated fledglings.